11
l
tation and R
lanning at Dar Al-Handasah
the World Bank is classified
by three factors:
potentially dangerous naturally
occurring events, such as
earthquakes or tropical
cyclones;
population and the economic
assets located in hazard-
prone areas;
susceptibility of the exposed
elements to the natural hazard.
to the ability to respond to a whole range of hazards.
In many cities, the main threat is from rising sea levels
associated with climate change, or better known threats
such as earthquakes.
other hazards such as disease pandemics, economic
fluctuations and terrorism. In this way, responses can
be tailored to respond to all risks, rather than just one.
For example, what might have been a secured concrete
stormwater retention pond can also be designed to
act as an urban park, reducing urban heat island effect
from the London Sustainability Group's recent work in
Figure 2.
tackled at all scales, from the grassroots to the global.
The implications of international arrangements also
need to be considered. Water bodies such as the Nile for
example, which passes through 8 other countries before
it reaches Egypt, needs strategies in place at all levels to
manage the demands and increase the resilience of all its
varied stakeholders.
Underground train stations "at high risk of flooding",
leading London Underground to request £3 million over
the next three years to analyse the riskiest sites in
greater detail and to begin to install protective measures.
These incidents are not isolated;
changes.
2014" formulated methodologies for approaching the
problems of climate resilience. The report concluded that
"building codes and landscaping ordinances will likely
need to be updated not only for energy efficiency but
also to conserve water supplies, protect against disease
vectors, reduce susceptibility to heat stress, and improve
protection against extreme events."