WIRE MESH + STEEL BEAM
finite elements methods. We dealt with the swelling effect on the final lining through increasing the density of
the reinforcement within the invert. However, this solution was dropped due to logistical constraints and hence
the invert curvature was increased as a substitute solution.
differential settlements, causing cracks in the final lining after a
certain period of time.
along tunnel axis, especially in transition zones between different
soil types with different swelling potentials. Depending on the
stress level and the cover above the tunnel, the swelling degree
was measured.
consistently checked against the actually encountered geologic
conditions and the deformation monitoring readings.